Gene SOD3
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Also known as
EC-SOD, Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase, MGC20077Overview
SOD3 (Superoxide Dismutase 3) encodes the extracellular form of superoxide dismutase, a critical antioxidant enzyme that protects tissues from oxidative damage. Unlike SOD1 (cytoplasmic) and SOD2 (mitochondrial), SOD3 is the only extracellular member of the superoxide dismutase family and is particularly abundant in the extracellular matrix of blood vessels, lungs, and other tissues exposed to high oxygen levels. The enzyme catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen, thereby preventing superoxide-mediated tissue damage. SOD3 contains copper and zinc cofactors and exists as a tetrameric glycoprotein that binds to the extracellular matrix through heparin-binding domains.Genetic variants in SOD3 have been associated with increased susceptibility to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease, and diabetic complications. The R213G polymorphism is particularly well-studied and affects the heparin-binding affinity of SOD3, altering its tissue distribution and potentially modifying disease risk. Some studies suggest that certain SOD3 variants may be protective against oxidative stress-related conditions, while others may increase vulnerability. Beyond genetic associations, SOD3 expression and activity are influenced by inflammatory cytokines, and reduced SOD3 levels have been observed in various pathological conditions including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and lung diseases. Understanding individual SOD3 genetics may inform personalized antioxidant supplementation strategies and risk assessment for oxidative stress-related disorders.