Vitamin E Overview

1) Studied Conditions

Vitamin E has been studied for a variety of health conditions, including:

• Cardiovascular diseases
• Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline
• Cancer prevention
• Eye disorders like age-related macular degeneration
• Diabetes
• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

2) Efficacy in Treating Conditions

Research on the effectiveness of vitamin E in treating these conditions has been mixed and often inconclusive:

• In some studies, vitamin E has not been shown to provide a significant benefit in preventing or treating cardiovascular diseases or cancer.
• For age-related macular degeneration, vitamin E, when taken with other antioxidants, zinc, and copper, may help slow progression in people with advanced disease.
• There is insufficient evidence to support its use in preventing or treating Alzheimer's disease.
• Its role in diabetes and liver health requires further research.

3) Health Benefits

Vitamin E is known to have several health benefits, such as:

• Acting as an antioxidant to protect cells from damage
• Supporting immune function
• Improving skin health
• Playing a role in cellular signaling and metabolism

4) Downsides

While vitamin E is generally considered safe, there are potential downsides, including:

• High doses can lead to excessive bleeding due to its anticoagulant effect.
• Possible increased risk of prostate cancer in men when taken in high doses.
• May interfere with certain medications, such as blood thinners and cholesterol-lowering drugs.
• Risk of toxicity with extremely high intake, leading to symptoms such as nausea, diarrhea, and fatigue.

5) Genetic Variations

The impact of vitamin E relative to genetic variations is an emerging area of research. Some findings suggest:

• Individuals with certain genetic profiles may metabolize vitamin E differently, affecting their needs for this nutrient.
• Specific genetic variations could potentially influence how effectively vitamin E reduces the risk of certain conditions, but more research is needed to confirm these relationships.
• Consuming vitamin E in recommended amounts is generally beneficial, but individuals with specific genetic mutations should consult healthcare providers for personalized advice.

Vitamin E and Its Impact on Health: A Research Summary

Vitamin E, particularly alpha-tocopherol, is an essential nutrient with antioxidant properties. Its deficiency can lead to neurological problems, muscle diseases, and reduced lifespan of red blood cells. Research has shown that vitamin E can protect against oxidative damage and may have potential benefits in treating various conditions, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cardiovascular diseases, and cognitive decline.

Key Research Findings

• Vitamin E has been shown to improve fracture healing in osteoporotic bones by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity during the early healing phase.
• Long-term vitamin E supplementation does not prevent cancer or major cardiovascular events in high-risk patients and may increase the risk of heart failure.
• Higher circulating levels of alpha-tocopherol are associated with a lower risk of developing prostate cancer, particularly advanced cases.
• Alpha-tocopherol supplementation may slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease in patients with moderate impairment.
• Gamma-tocopherol, a form of vitamin E, may have anti-inflammatory properties that could be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of human diseases.
• Vitamin E supplementation has been found to not significantly influence lower respiratory tract infections but may have a protective effect against upper respiratory tract infections, specifically the common cold.
• Alpha-tocopherol can inhibit platelet aggregation by suppressing protein kinase C activity, which may contribute to the protective effects against coronary artery disease.
• Vitamin E supplementation ranging from 60 to 800 IU per day for four months is safe for healthy older adults and does not negatively impact a variety of health parameters.

Conclusion

Vitamin E plays a crucial role in protecting the body against oxidative damage and has been explored for its potential therapeutic effects. While some studies have shown benefits in certain conditions, others have found no significant impact on health outcomes. The safety and efficacy of vitamin E supplementation continue to be areas of active research, with a focus on determining optimal dosages and understanding its role in various health conditions.

References:

1. Increased DNA oxidative susceptibility without increased plasma LDL oxidizability in Type II diabetes: effects of alpha-tocopherol supplementation
2. Lipid-induced oxidative stress causes steatohepatitis in mice fed an atherogenic diet
3. Mortality in DATATOP: a multicenter trial in early Parkinson's disease. Parkinson Study Group
4. Depletion of human stratum corneum vitamin E: an early and sensitive in vivo marker of UV induced photo-oxidation
5. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral coenzyme Q10 to relieve self-reported treatment-related fatigue in newly diagnosed patients with breast cancer
6. Alpha-tocopherol supplementation in healthy individuals reduces low-density lipoprotein oxidation but not atherosclerosis: the Vitamin E Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (VEAPS)
7. Vitamin E supplementation and in vivo immune response in healthy elderly subjects. A randomized controlled trial
8. Effect of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on oxidative stress indices and cortisol level in blood in water buffaloes during pregnancy and early postpartum period
9. Hyperhomocysteinemia and atherosclerotic vascular disease: pathophysiology, screening, and treatment. off
10. The effects of hydrogen peroxide on lens proteins: a possible model for nuclear cataract
11. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women
12. Smoking as a risk factor for prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of 24 prospective cohort studies
13. Immunohistochemical detection of interleukin-6 in human skeletal muscle fibers following exercise
14. Megavitamin E supplementation in man
15. The effects of topical vitamin E on the cosmetic appearance of scars
16. The protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids in micellar systems against UVB-induced photo-oxidation by procyanidins from Vitis vinifera L., and the protective synergy with vitamin E
17. Lycopene synergistically inhibits LDL oxidation in combination with vitamin E, glabridin, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, or garlic
18. Changes in susceptibility of tissues to lipid peroxidation after ingestion of various levels of docosahexaenoic acid and vitamin E
19. Vitamin C and E supplementation prevents some of the cellular adaptations to endurance-training in humans
20. Effects of tocotrienol supplementation on hair growth in human volunteers
21. Effects of dietary phenolic compounds on tocopherol, cholesterol, and fatty acids in rats
22. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E in hyperlipoproteinemias: effects on plasma lipid peroxides, antioxidant activity, prostacyclin generation and platelet aggregability
23. Oral antioxidant therapy improves endothelial function in Type 1 but not Type 2 diabetes mellitus
24. Vitamin E and risk of type 2 diabetes in the women's health study randomized controlled trial
25. Six-year effect of combined vitamin C and E supplementation on atherosclerotic progression: the Antioxidant Supplementation in Atherosclerosis Prevention (ASAP) Study
26. Association between 5-lipoxygenase expression and plaque instability in humans
27. Detection and localization of lipid peroxidation in selenium- and vitamin E-deficient rats using F2-isoprostanes
28. alpha-Tocopherol quinone level is remarkably low in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
29. Beneficial Effect of Vitamin E in Rotenone Induced Model of PD: Behavioural, Neurochemical and Biochemical Study
30. The challenge of setting appropriate intake recommendations for vitamin E: considerations on status and functionality to define nutrient requirements
31. In vitro supplementation with different tocopherol homologues can affect the function of immune cells in old mice
32. Recycling of vitamin E in human low density lipoproteins
33. Protein kinase C activation: isozyme-specific effects on metabolism and cardiovascular complications in diabetes
34. Vitamin E remains the major lipid-soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant in human plasma even in individuals suffering severe vitamin E deficiency
35. Photoperoxidation in lens and cataract formation: preventive role of superoxide dismutase, catalase and vitamin C
36. Retinol, alpha-tocopherol and carotenoids in diabetes
37. Antioxidant defense mechanisms in murine epidermis and dermis and their responses to ultraviolet light
38. Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: the Women's Health Study: a randomized controlled trial
39. Intake of vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids and the risk of Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis
40. {alpha}-Tocopherol disappearance is faster in cigarette smokers and is inversely related to their ascorbic acid status
41. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Brain levels of glutathione, glutathione disulfide, and vitamin E
42. Tocotrienol (unsaturated vitamin E) suppresses degranulation of mast cells and reduces allergic dermatitis in mice
43. Urinary excretion of 2,7, 8-trimethyl-2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman is a major route of elimination of gamma-tocopherol in humans
44. Oral alpha-tocopherol supplements decrease plasma gamma-tocopherol levels in humans
45. Effect of occupational lead exposure on α- and γ-tocopherol concentration in plasma
46. The selenoenzyme phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase
47. Macromolecular carbonyls in human stratum corneum: a biomarker for environmental oxidant exposure?
48. Induction of apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by tocopherols and tocotrienols
49. Dietary vitamin E deficiency increases anxiety-related behavior in rats under stress of social isolation
50. Antioxidants inhibit the expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 induced by oxidized LDL on human umbilical vein endothelial cells
51. Vitamin E and changes in serum alanine aminotransferase levels in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
52. The effect of vitamin E on warfarin-induced vitamin K deficiency
53. Daily vitamin E supplementation does not improve metabolic and glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients: a double blinded randomized controlled trial
54. Vitamin E protects nerve cells from amyloid beta protein toxicity
55. Antiviral actions of interferons
56. Effect of vitamin E on plasma malondialdehyde, antioxidant enzyme levels and the rates of wound closures during wound healing in normal and diabetic rats
57. Free radicals and tissue damage produced by exercise
58. alpha-Tocopherol and protein kinase C inhibition enhance platelet-derived nitric oxide release
59. Vitamin E and alpha-lipoic acid supplementation increase bleeding tendency via an intrinsic coagulation pathway
60. Prospective study of antioxidant micronutrients in the blood and the risk of developing prostate cancer
61. Lower prostate cancer risk in men with elevated plasma lycopene levels: results of a prospective analysis
62. [CoQ10 blood levels and erythrocyte concentration of GSH in ischemic heart patients during exercise test (effects of vitamin E)]
63. Lower plasma alpha-carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman after deuterium-labeled alpha-tocopherol supplementation suggests decreased vitamin E metabolism in smokers
64. Functional expression of human and mouse plasma phospholipid transfer protein: effect of recombinant and plasma PLTP on HDL subspecies
65. Cytochrome P4503A-dependent metabolism of tocopherols and inhibition by sesamin
66. Relationship between vitamin E requirement and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake in man: a review
67. UVB-induced hemolysis of rat erythrocytes: protective effect of procyanidins from grape seeds
68. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid dose not promote lipid peroxidation in rat tissue to the extent expected from peroxidizability index of the lipids
69. Free radical recycling and intramembrane mobility in the antioxidant properties of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol
70. Topical application and uptake of vitamin E acetate by the skin and conversion to free vitamin E
71. Lack of a relation between vitamin and mineral antioxidants and bone mineral density: results from the Women's Health Initiative
72. Tocopherols and tocotrienols plasma levels are associated with cognitive impairment
73. Vitamins E and C and medical record-confirmed age-related macular degeneration in a randomized trial of male physicians
74. Adverse reactions to vitamin E and aloe vera preparations after dermabrasion and chemical peel
75. Physical activity and plasma interleukin-6 in humans--effect of intensity of exercise
76. Postischemic cerebral lipid peroxidation in vitro: modification by dietary vitamin E
77. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8
78. Bile increases intestinal lymphatic drug transport in the fasted rat
79. Membrane effects of vitamin E deficiency: bioenergetic and surface charge density studies of skeletal muscle and liver mitochondria
80. Role of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/cytosolic phospholipase A2 signaling pathway in blood-brain barrier disruption after focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion
81. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial
82. Plasma levels of lipophilic antioxidants in very old patients with type 2 diabetes
83. Effects of supplementation with tocotrienol-rich fraction on immune response to tetanus toxoid immunization in normal healthy volunteers
84. Controlled trial of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on stroke incidence and mortality in male smokers
85. Oncogene-induced Nrf2 transcription promotes ROS detoxification and tumorigenesis
86. Influence of Vitamin C and Vitamin E on testicular zinc content and testicular toxicity in lead exposed albino rats
87. Prediction of male cancer mortality by plasma levels of interacting vitamins: 17-year follow-up of the prospective Basel study
88. Study on the effect of megavitamin E supplementation in man
89. A new function of Vitamin E-TPGS in the intestinal lymphatic transport of lipophilic drugs: enhancing the secretion of chylomicrons
90. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of tocopherols and tocotrienols on preneoplastic and neoplastic mouse mammary epithelial cells
91. Physiological requirements of vitamin E as a function of the amount and type of polyunsaturated fatty acid
92. Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial
93. Production of interleukin-6 in contracting human skeletal muscles can account for the exercise-induced increase in plasma interleukin-6
94. Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency: case report and review of the literature
95. The effect of alpha-tocopherol on the nitration of gamma-tocopherol by peroxynitrite
96. Preferential incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid into nonphosphorus lipids and phosphatidylethanolamine protects rats from dietary DHA-stimulated lipid peroxidation
97. Inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity by protein kinase C
98. Membrane transfer of alpha-tocopherol. Influence of soluble alpha-tocopherol-binding factors from the liver, lung, heart, and brain of the rat
99. Modification of the effect of vitamin E supplementation on the mortality of male smokers by age and dietary vitamin C
100. Enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in epidermis and dermis of human skin
101. Evaluation of the effect of vitamin E on pelvic pain reduction in women suffering from primary dysmenorrhea
102. Dysregulation between TH1 and TH2 T cell subpopulations in the elderly
103. alpha-Tocopherol supplementation in racing cyclists during extreme endurance training
104. Early activation of rat skeletal muscle IL-6/STAT1/STAT3 dependent gene expression in resistance exercise linked to hypertrophy
105. Human alpha-tocopherol transfer protein: cDNA cloning, expression and chromosomal localization
106. Effect of vitamin C and vitamin E on prostaglandin synthesis by fibroblasts and squamous carcinoma cells
107. d-Alpha-tocopherol prevents the hyperglycemia induced activation of diacylglycerol (DAG)-protein kinase C (PKC) pathway in vascular smooth muscle cell by an increase of DAG kinase activity
108. Vitamin E in humans: demand and delivery
109. Identities and differences in the metabolism of tocotrienols and tocopherols in HepG2 cells
110. Can protein kinase C inhibition and vitamin E prevent the development of diabetic vascular complications?
111. Vitamin E activity of gamma-tocopherol in the rat, chick and hamster
112. Vitamin E and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
113. Reactions of peroxynitrite with gamma-tocopherol
114. Long-term (>=2 yr) efficacy of vitamin E for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
115. Effect of vitamin E and memantine on functional decline in Alzheimer disease: the TEAM-AD VA cooperative randomized trial
116. R,R,R-alpha-tocopherol potentiates prostacyclin release in human endothelial cells. Evidence for structural specificity of the tocopherol molecule
117. Alpha and gamma tocopherols in cerebrospinal fluid and serum from older, male, human subjects
118. Vascular endothelial dysfunction associated with elevated serum homocysteine levels in rat adjuvant arthritis: effect of vitamin E administration
119. Prostaglandin E2 inhibits the nuclear transcription of the human interleukin 2, but not the Il-4, gene in human T cells by targeting transcription factors AP-1 and NF-AT
120. Assessment of the safety of high-dose, short-term supplementation with vitamin E in healthy older adults
121. Humoral immunity in aging
122. Vitamin E suppresses diacylglycerol (DAG) level in thrombin-stimulated endothelial cells through an increase of DAG kinase activity
123. Vitamin E-enhanced IL-2 production in old mice: naive but not memory T cells show increased cell division cycling and IL-2-producing capacity
124. Age-related cataract in a randomized trial of beta-carotene in women
125. Alpha-tocopherol, lipids and lipoproteins in knee-joint synovial fluid and serum from patients with inflammatory joint disease
126. Vitamin E supplements in asthma: a parallel group randomised placebo controlled trial
127. Rectal administration of d-alpha tocopherol for active ulcerative colitis: a preliminary report
128. Dose dependent elevation of plasma tocotrienol levels and its effect on arterial compliance, plasma total antioxidant status, and lipid profile in healthy humans supplemented with tocotrienol rich vitamin E
129. Vitamin E suppresses isoprostane generation in vivo and reduces atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice
130. Dietary effect of tocopherols and tocotrienols on the immune function of spleen and mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes in Brown Norway rats
131. Interleukin-33 amplifies IgE synthesis and triggers mast cell degranulation via interleukin-4 in naïve mice
132. Development of TH1 CD4+ T cells through IL-12 produced by Listeria-induced macrophages
133. Protein kinase C: structural and spatial regulation by phosphorylation, cofactors, and macromolecular interactions
134. Vitamin E as an antioxidant in vitro and in vivo
135. Catalase restores the altered mRNA expression of collagen and matrix metalloproteinases by dermal fibroblasts exposed to reactive oxygen species
136. Dysfunctional KEAP1-NRF2 interaction in non-small-cell lung cancer
137. [Alpha-tocopherol and alpha-lipoic acid. An antioxidant synergy with potential for preventive medicine]
138. Chemoprevention of tocotrienols: the mechanism of antiproliferative effects
139. Postprandial levels of the natural vitamin E tocotrienol in human circulation
140. Differences in the plasma transport and tissue concentrations of tocopherols and tocotrienols: observations in humans and hamsters
141. Sebaceous gland secretion is a major physiologic route of vitamin E delivery to skin
142. Antioxidant vitamin intakes assessed using a food-frequency questionnaire: correlation with biochemical status in smokers and non-smokers
143. Serum vitamin E and risk of cancer among Finnish men during a 10-year follow-up
144. Effect of vitamin E on aminotransferase levels and insulin resistance in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
145. PCR-verified microarray analysis and functional in vitro studies indicate a role of alpha-tocopherol in vesicular transport
146. What old means to bone
147. Structural and dynamic membrane properties of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol: implication to the molecular mechanism of their antioxidant potency
148. Effect of alpha-tocopherol supplementation on plasma homocysteine and oxidative stress in highly trained athletes before and after exhaustive exercise
149. Vitamin E in the primary prevention of rheumatoid arthritis: the Women's Health Study
150. Age influence on the immune system
151. Nanomolar vitamin E alpha-tocotrienol inhibits glutamate-induced activation of phospholipase A2 and causes neuroprotection
152. Polyunsaturated (n-3) fatty acids susceptible to peroxidation are increased in plasma and tissue lipids of rats fed docosahexaenoic acid-containing oils
153. High-dose alpha-tocopherol therapy does not affect HDL subfractions in patients with coronary artery disease on statin therapy
154. Pro-oxidant effect of alpha-tocopherol in patients with type 2 diabetes after an oral glucose tolerance test--a randomised controlled trial
155. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by alpha-tocopherolquinone and alpha-tocopherolhydroquinone
156. Serum antioxidants and risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
157. The discovery of the antioxidant function of vitamin E: the contribution of Henry A. Mattill
158. Plasma F2 isoprostanes: direct evidence of increased free radical damage during acute hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes
159. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men
160. Effects of gamma-tocopherol supplementation on thrombotic risk factors
161. Tocopherols are metabolized in HepG2 cells by side chain omega-oxidation and consecutive beta-oxidation
162. Effects of vitamin E on prostacyclin release and lipid composition of the ischemic rat heart
163. The ambivalence of vitamin E in atherogenesis
164. Formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine within DNA of mouse keratinocytes exposed in culture to UVB and H2O2
165. Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment
166. Evaluation of antioxidants, protein, and lipid oxidation products in blood from sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients
167. Secondary prevention with antioxidants of cardiovascular disease in endstage renal disease (SPACE): randomised placebo-controlled trial
168. alpha-Tocopherol enhances degranulation in RBL-2H3 mast cells
169. Production of interleukin-6 by skeletal myotubes: role of reactive oxygen species
170. The effects of alpha-tocopherol supplementation on fracture healing in a postmenopausal osteoporotic rat model
171. Vitamin E supplementation and cataract: randomized controlled trial
172. Modulation of helper T cell function by prostaglandins
173. Aspirin prevents stroke but not MI in women; vitamin E has no effect on CV disease or cancer
174. Effect of vitamin E therapy on sexual functions of uremic patients in hemodialysis
175. A randomized trial of beta carotene and age-related cataract in US physicians
176. The alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene lung cancer prevention study: design, methods, participant characteristics, and compliance. The ATBC Cancer Prevention Study Group
177. Turnover of monoamines in hippocampus of rats fed on vitamin E-deficient diet
178. Novel urinary metabolite of alpha-tocopherol, 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2(2'-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman, as an indicator of an adequate vitamin E supply?
179. Sex differences in the inhibition of gamma-tocopherol metabolism by a single dose of dietary sesame oil in healthy subjects
180. Treatment of ataxia in isolated vitamin E deficiency caused by alpha-tocopherol transfer protein deficiency
181. Altered lung antioxidant status in patients with mild asthma
182. gamma-Tocopherol biokinetics and transformation in humans
183. Plasma homocysteine concentration related to diet, endothelial function and mononuclear cell gene expression among male hyperlipidaemic smokers
184. Antioxidant supplements block the response of HDL to simvastatin-niacin therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and low HDL
185. Sparing effect of procyanidins from Vitis vinifera on vitamin E: in vitro studies
186. The Roche European American Cataract Trial (REACT): a randomized clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of an oral antioxidant micronutrient mixture to slow progression of age-related cataract
187. Involvement of free radicals and oxidative stress in NAFLD/NASH
188. Occurrence of (E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in plasma and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
189. Macrophage prostaglandin production contributes to the age-associated decrease in T cell function which is reversed by the dietary antioxidant vitamin E
190. Effects of long-term daily low-dose supplementation with antioxidant vitamins and minerals on structure and function of large arteries
191. A novel controlled release formulation for the anticancer drug paclitaxel (Taxol): PLGA nanoparticles containing vitamin E TPGS
192. Effects of different levels of vitamins A and E on the utilization of cholecalciferol by broiler chickens
193. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on vitamin K status in adults with normal coagulation status
194. An alpha-tocopherol binding protein in rat liver cytoplasm
195. Cigarette smoking and the risk of development of lens opacities. The Framingham studies
196. Short-term, moderate dosage Vitamin E supplementation may have no effect on platelet aggregation, coagulation profile, and bleeding time in healthy individuals
197. Distribution of lipid-soluble antioxidants in lipoproteins from healthy subjects. II. Effects of in vivo supplementation with alpha-tocopherol
198. Effect of Vitamin E and selenium supplementation on concentrations of plasma cortisol and erythrocyte lipid peroxides and the incidence of retained fetal membranes in crossbred dairy cattle
199. Hereditary vitamin-E deficiency
200. Alpha-tocopheryl hydroquinone is an efficient multifunctional inhibitor of radical-initiated oxidation of low density lipoprotein lipids
201. Are oxidative stress-activated signaling pathways mediators of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction?
202. Serotonin metabolism and release in frontal cortex of rats on a vitamin E-deficient diet
203. alpha-Tocopherol influences in vivo indices of lipid peroxidation in postmenopausal women given fish oil
204. Vitamin E prevents diabetes-induced abnormal retinal blood flow via the diacylglycerol-protein kinase C pathway
205. Dietary vitamin E deficiency increases anxiety-like behavior in juvenile and adult rats
206. Superoxide anion is involved in the breakdown of endothelium-derived vascular relaxing factor
207. Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell-mediated immunity in healthy elderly subjects
208. Plasma concentrations of carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins in Scottish males: influences of smoking
209. Serum vitamin E concentrations and recovery of physical function during the year after hip fracture
210. A case-control study of diet and prostate cancer
211. The effect of intravenous vitamin E and menadiol sodium diphosphate on vitamin K dependent clotting factors
212. Destruction of tocopherols, carotenoids, and retinol in human plasma by cigarette smoke
213. Supplementation with natural forms of vitamin E augments antigen-specific TH1-type immune response to tetanus toxoid
214. Effects of tocopherol and deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease
215. The effect of vitamin E on endothelial function of micro- and macrocirculation and left ventricular function in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients
216. Effects of vitamins C and E and beta-carotene on the risk of type 2 diabetes in women at high risk of cardiovascular disease: a randomized controlled trial
217. Effect of short-, medium-, and long-chain fatty acid-based vehicles on the absolute oral bioavailability and intestinal lymphatic transport of halofantrine and assessment of mass balance in lymph-cannulated and non-cannulated rats
218. Smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke decrease some plasma antioxidants and increase gamma-tocopherol in vivo after adjustment for dietary antioxidant intakes
219. Effect of vitamin E and C supplementation on oxidative damage and total antioxidant capacity in lead-exposed workers
220. Aspects to consider when detecting and measuring lipid peroxidation
221. Products of gamma-tocopherol reaction with NO2 and their formation in rat insulinoma (RINm5F) cells
222. Oxidative modification of LDL: its pathological role in atherosclerosis
223. Vitamin E modifies the ultrastructure of testis and epididymis in mice exposed to lead intoxication
224. Coagulation problems relating to vitamin E
225. Vitamin E, memantine, and Alzheimer disease
226. The mechanism underlying the synergetic hypocholesterolemic effect of sesamin and α-tocopherol in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet
227. Vitamin E supplementation: what's the harm in that?
228. Plasma levels of vitamin E and carotenoids are decreased in patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)
229. Normalization of diacylglycerol-protein kinase C activation by vitamin E in aorta of diabetic rats and cultured rat smooth muscle cells exposed to elevated glucose levels
230. Effects of random allocation to vitamin E supplementation on the occurrence of venous thromboembolism: report from the Women's Health Study
231. Superoxide anions and hyperoxia inactivate endothelium-derived relaxing factor
232. Vitamin C, uric acid, and glutathione gradients in murine stratum corneum and their susceptibility to ozone exposure
233. Complete cDNA encoding human phospholipid transfer protein from human endothelial cells
234. Efficacious vitamin E treatment in a child with ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency
235. Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
236. Diet and cancer of the prostate: a case-control study in Greece
237. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers
238. Alpha-tocopherol status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: relationship to antioxidant activity
239. Supplementation with mixed tocopherols increases serum and blood cell gamma-tocopherol but does not alter biomarkers of platelet activation in subjects with type 2 diabetes
240. High-density lipoprotein subfractions as markers of early atherosclerosis. PCVMETRA Group. Prévention Cardio-Vasculaire en Medecene du Travail
241. Microsomal lipid peroxidation: effect of vitamin E and its functional interaction with phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase
242. Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial
243. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a comprehensive review
244. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers
245. A randomised placebo-controlled trial to determine the effect of vitamin E in treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea
246. Daily supplementation of tocotrienol-rich fraction or alpha-tocopherol did not induce immunomodulatory changes in healthy human volunteers
247. A rapid method for the extraction and determination of vitamin E metabolites in human urine
248. Prolactin metabolic clearance and resistance to dopaminergic suppression in acute uremia
249. Nitration of gamma-tocopherol prevents its oxidative metabolism by HepG2 cells
250. Transport and distribution of alpha-tocopherol in lymph, serum and liver cells in rats
251. The questionable association of vitamin E supplementation and mortality--inconsistent results of different meta-analytic approaches
252. Incidence of cancer and mortality following alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation: a postintervention follow-up
253. Faster plasma vitamin E disappearance in smokers is normalized by vitamin C supplementation
254. Comparative effects of palm vitamin E and alpha-tocopherol on healing and wound tissue antioxidant enzyme levels in diabetic rats
255. Vitamin E in human low-density lipoprotein. When and how this antioxidant becomes a pro-oxidant
256. Herbal drug curbicin and anticoagulant effect with and without warfarin: possibly related to the vitamin E component
257. Comprehensive genomic characterization of squamous cell lung cancers
258. Genetic vitamin E deficiency does not affect MPTP susceptibility in the mouse brain
259. Effect of oral vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) supplementation on vascular endothelial function in Type 2 diabetes mellitus
260. Protective effects of Vitamin E on endocrine disruptors, PCB-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity
261. Supplementation with vitamins C and E inhibits the release of interleukin-6 from contracting human skeletal muscle
262. Comparison of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods to quantify alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopherolquinone levels in human plasma
263. Postintervention effect of alpha tocopherol and beta carotene on different strokes: a 6-year follow-up of the Alpha Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study
264. Alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl quinone levels in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer
265. Direct observation of a free radical interaction between vitamin E and vitamin C
266. Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial
267. Regulation of human plasma vitamin E
268. Free-radical oxidation (peroxidation) products in serum and synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis
269. Postprandial metabolic fate of tocotrienol-rich vitamin E differs significantly from that of alpha-tocopherol
270. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)
271. Dietary antioxidants and magnesium in type 1 brittle asthma: a case control study
272. Formation of non-cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoids (F2-isoprostanes) in plasma and low density lipoprotein exposed to oxidative stress in vitro
273. Uptake of vitamin E succinate by the skin, conversion to free vitamin E, and transport to internal organs
274. Effect of concomitant consumption of fish oil and vitamin E on T cell mediated function in the elderly: a randomized double-blind trial
275. Vitamin E supplementation in cystic fibrosis
276. Vitamin E: function and metabolism
277. Molecular basis of alpha-tocopherol control of smooth muscle cell proliferation
278. Vitamin E decreases bone mass by stimulating osteoclast fusion
279. Vitamin E supplementation improves endothelial function in type I diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled study
280. Comparison of plasma alpha and gamma tocopherol levels following chronic oral administration of either all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate or RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate in normal adult male subjects
281. Antioxidants and lipid peroxidation status in the blood of patients with alopecia
282. Plasma reactive carbonyl species levels and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
283. Vitamin E supplementation increases T helper 1 cytokine production in old mice infected with influenza virus
284. Quantification of the alpha- and gamma-tocopherol metabolites 2,5,7, 8-tetramethyl-2-(2'-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman and 2,7, 8-trimethyl-2-(2'-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman in human serum
285. Sensitivity of respiratory chain activities to lipid peroxidation: effect of vitamin E deficiency
286. Distribution of lipid-soluble antioxidants in lipoproteins from healthy subjects. I. Correlation with plasma antioxidant levels and composition of lipoproteins
287. Short communication: effect of vitamins E and C on cortisol production by bovine adrenocortical cells in vitro
288. Characterization of the potent neuroprotective properties of the natural vitamin E alpha-tocotrienol
289. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients
290. Vitamin E intake and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pooled analysis of data from 5 prospective cohort studies
291. Tocotrienols, the vitamin E of the 21st century: its potential against cancer and other chronic diseases
292. Anticancer actions of natural and synthetic vitamin E forms: RRR-alpha-tocopherol blocks the anticancer actions of gamma-tocopherol
293. Neuroendocrine alterations in the somatotropic and lactotropic axes in uremic men
294. Antioxidants accelerate lung cancer progression in mice
295. Gene expression profile of oxidant stress and neurodegeneration in transgenic mice deficient in alpha-tocopherol transfer protein
296. A possible role of protein kinase C in regulating prostaglandin synthesis of mouse peritoneal macrophages
297. Coagulopathy associated with vitamin E ingestion
298. RNAi-mediated silencing of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 gene expression in non-small cell lung cancer inhibits tumor growth and increases efficacy of chemotherapy
299. Myopathy in vitamin E deficient rats: muscle fibre necrosis associated with disturbances of mitochondrial function
300. Urinary alpha-tocopherol metabolites in alpha-tocopherol transfer protein-deficient patients
301. Electrochemical analysis of protein nitrotyrosine and dityrosine in the Alzheimer brain indicates region-specific accumulation
302. Mechanism of toxicity in rotenone models of Parkinson's disease
303. No evidence supports vitamin E indiscriminate supplementation
304. The effect of different dietary lipids on the lymphatic appearance of vitamin E
305. Studies on the biological activity of tocotrienols
306. Changes in the turnover of monoamines in prefrontal cortex of rats fed on vitamin E-deficient diet
307. Plasma transforming growth factor-beta1 level and efficacy of alpha-tocopherol in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot study
308. The isoprostanes: unique bioactive products of lipid peroxidation
309. Sesamin (a compound from sesame oil) increases tocopherol levels in rats fed ad libitum
310. Lack of correlation between the alpha-tocopherol content of plasma and LDL, but high correlations for gamma-tocopherol and carotenoids
311. Alpha-tocopherol as compared with gamma-tocopherol is preferentially secreted in human lipoproteins
312. Oxygen free radicals, inflammation, and synovitis: and synovitis: the current status
313. Intestinal lymphatic transport for drug delivery
314. Gamma-tocopherol, but not alpha-tocopherol, decreases proinflammatory eicosanoids and inflammation damage in rats
315. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease
316. alpha-tocopherol inhibits aggregation of human platelets by a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism
317. Prostaglandins and the non-pregnant uterus. The pathophysiology of primary dysmenorrhea
318. Serum and dietary vitamin E in relation to prostate cancer risk
319. Cigarette smoke alters human vitamin E requirements
320. Accelerated reaction of nitric oxide with O2 within the hydrophobic interior of biological membranes
321. Molecular characterization of rabbit phospholipid transfer protein: choroid plexus and ependyma synthesize high levels of phospholipid transfer protein
322. In vivo formation of 8-Epi-prostaglandin F2 alpha is increased in hypercholesterolemia
323. Effect of vitamin E as an immunopotentiation agent for mice at optimal dosage and its toxicity at high dosage
324. Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) deficiency reduces brain vitamin E content and increases anxiety in mice
325. Plasma and tissue concentrations of α-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol following high dose dietary supplementation in mice
326. The reaction of no with superoxide
327. Weaknesses of Bayesian model averaging for meta-analysis in the study of vitamin E and mortality
328. Vitamin E and beta carotene supplementation in high risk for stroke: a subgroup analysis of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study
329. Absorption, transport and metabolism of vitamin E
330. Lipid-based formulations for intestinal lymphatic delivery
331. Is oxidative stress the pathogenic mechanism underlying insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease? The common soil hypothesis revisited
332. Baseline selenium status and effects of selenium and vitamin e supplementation on prostate cancer risk
333. Influence of the type of surfactant and the degree of dispersion on the lymphatic transport of halofantrine in conscious rats
334. An intervention trial to inhibit the progression of precancerous gastric lesions: compliance, serum micronutrients and S-allyl cysteine levels, and toxicity
335. Intake and serum concentrations of α-tocopherol in relation to fractures in elderly women and men: 2 cohort studies
336. Infusion with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine attenuates early adaptive responses to exercise in human skeletal muscle
337. alpha-Tocopheryl phosphate--an active lipid mediator?
338. Effects of elevated d-alpha(RRR)-tocopherol dosage in man
339. Vitamin intake and liver cancer risk: a report from two cohort studies in China
340. Synthetic as compared with natural vitamin E is preferentially excreted as alpha-CEHC in human urine: studies using deuterated alpha-tocopheryl acetates
341. Serum alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in relation to prostate cancer risk in a prospective study
342. Lead exposure, polymorphisms in genes related to oxidative stress, and risk of adult brain tumors
343. Endogenous nitric oxide inhibits human platelet adhesion to vascular endothelium
344. Ozone-exposure depletes vitamin E and induces lipid peroxidation in murine stratum corneum
345. 5-nitro-gamma-tocopherol increases in human plasma exposed to cigarette smoke in vitro and in vivo
346. A randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea
347. Overexpression of cellular glutathione peroxidase rescues homocyst(e)ine-induced endothelial dysfunction
348. Effect of corticosteroids on cataract formation
349. Alzheimer Disease and Oxidative Stress
350. Enhancement of the transfer of alpha-tocopherol between liposomes and mitochondria by rat-liver protein(s)
351. Vitamin E supplementation and macular degeneration: randomised controlled trial
352. Effect of combined supplementation with vitamin E and alpha-lipoic acid on myocardial performance during in vivo ischaemia-reperfusion
353. Biodiscrimination of the eight alpha-tocopherol stereoisomers results in preferential accumulation of the four 2R forms in tissues and plasma of rats
354. Vitamin E, vitamin C, beta carotene, and cognitive function among women with or at risk of cardiovascular disease: The Women's Antioxidant and Cardiovascular Study
355. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of alpha-tocopherol in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
356. An update on vitamin E, tocopherol and tocotrienol-perspectives
357. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)
358. Steroid-induced cataract: new perspective from in vitro and lens culture studies
359. Effect of 50- and 100-mg vitamin E supplements on cellular immune function in noninstitutionalized elderly persons
360. Interactions between vitamin C and vitamin E are observed in tissues of inherently scorbutic rats
361. Tocopherylquinone and tocopherylhydroquinone
362. Inhibition of UVB induced DNA photodamage in mouse epidermis by topically applied alpha-tocopherol
363. Neuromyopathy and vitamin E deficiency in man
364. Diet and prostate cancer: a case-control study
365. Signal transduction changes in granulocytes and lymphocytes with ageing
366. Serum vitamin E concentrations among highly functioning hip fracture patients are higher than in nonfracture controls
367. Failure of topical steroids and vitamin E to reduce postoperative scar formation following reconstructive surgery
368. A randomized trial of vitamin E supplementation and cognitive function in women
369. Antioxidant reactions of vitamin E in the perfused rat liver: product distribution and effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation
370. Protein tyrosine nitration: biochemical mechanisms and structural basis of functional effects
371. Fruit and vegetable intake and vitamins C and E are associated with a reduced prevalence of cataract in a Spanish Mediterranean population
372. Antioxidant supplementation and immunoendocrine responses to prolonged exercise
373. Vitamin E and respiratory tract infections in elderly nursing home residents: a randomized controlled trial
374. The effect of reactive oxygen species on the biosynthesis of collagen and glycosaminoglycans in cultured human dermal fibroblasts
375. Antioxidant drugs block in vitro the neurotoxicity of CSF from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
376. Studies of LDL oxidation following alpha-, gamma-, or delta-tocotrienyl acetate supplementation of hypercholesterolemic humans
377. Molecular basis of vitamin E action: tocotrienol modulates 12-lipoxygenase, a key mediator of glutamate-induced neurodegeneration
378. Combined deficiency of vitamins E and C causes paralysis and death in guinea pigs
379. A clinical trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent colorectal adenoma. Polyp Prevention Study Group
380. Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality
381. The effect of water-soluble vitamin E on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers
382. Determination of alpha-tocopherolquinone in human serum samples by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and on-line post-column derivatization
383. Effects of vitamin E supplementation on bone metabolism in nicotine-treated rats
384. The effects of treatment with alpha-lipoic acid or evening primrose oil on vascular hemostatic and lipid risk factors, blood flow, and peripheral nerve conduction in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat
385. Vitamin E serum levels and controlled supplementation and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
386. Age-related cataract in a randomized trial of vitamins E and C in men
387. Vitamin A and E levels are normal in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
388. Protein kinase C and the development of diabetic vascular complications
389. Dietary effect of omega-3 type polyunsaturated fatty acids on serum and liver lipid levels in rats
390. gamma-tocopherol traps mutagenic electrophiles such as NO(X) and complements alpha-tocopherol: physiological implications
391. Serum levels of vitamin E forms and risk of cognitive impairment in a Finnish cohort of older adults
392. Pro-oxidant challenge in vivo provokes the onset of NIDDM in the insulin resistant obese Zucker rat
393. Cancer-preventive activities of tocopherols and tocotrienols
394. Effects of alpha-tocopherol and mixed tocopherol supplementation on markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in type 2 diabetes
395. Vitamin E added silicone gel sheets for treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids
396. The role of vitamin E deficiency in the abnormal autohemolysis of acanthocytosis
397. Absorption, transport and distribution of vitamin E
398. Vitamin E (tocopherols) in human cerebrospinal fluid
399. Is vitamin E the only lipid-soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant in human blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes?
400. The nitration product 5-nitro-gamma-tocopherol is increased in the Alzheimer brain
401. Vitamin E in human skin: organ-specific physiology and considerations for its use in dermatology
402. An epidemic outbreak of papular and follicular contact dermatitis to tocopheryl linoleate in cosmetics. Swiss Contact Dermatitis Research Group
403. In vivo exposure to ozone depletes vitamins C and E and induces lipid peroxidation in epidermal layers of murine skin
404. Exercise-induced muscle damage in the rat: the effect of vitamin E deficiency
405. Vitamins E, C and lipid peroxidation in plasma and arterial tissue of smokers and non-smokers
406. Effects of α-tocopherol on the early phase of osteoporotic fracture healing
407. Cytochrome P450 omega-hydroxylase pathway of tocopherol catabolism. Novel mechanism of regulation of vitamin E status
408. Dietary factors and risk of prostate cancer: a case-control study in Ontario, Canada
409. Tocopherol-mediated peroxidation of lipoproteins: implications for vitamin E as a potential antiatherogenic supplement
410. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study
411. A prospective study of diet and adult-onset asthma
412. Prevention of diabetes-induced abnormal retinal blood flow by treatment with d-alpha-tocopherol
413. Prevention of subclinical vitamin K deficiency based on PIVKA-II levels: oral versus intramuscular route
414. Increased lipoprotein oxidation in Alzheimer's disease
415. Oral administration of vitamin C and vitamin E ameliorates lead-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in the rat brain
416. Beneficial effects of vitamin E isomer supplementation on static and dynamic bone histomorphometry parameters in normal male rats
417. Molecular basis of vitamin E action. Tocotrienol potently inhibits glutamate-induced pp60(c-Src) kinase activation and death of HT4 neuronal cells
418. Emerging roles for phospholipid transfer protein in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism
419. Effect of 6-month nutritional intervention on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
420. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS)
421. Bayesian model averaging in meta-analysis: vitamin E supplementation and mortality
422. Human alpha-tocopherol transfer protein: gene structure and mutations in familial vitamin E deficiency
423. Lipid peroxidation and the thiobarbituric acid assay: standardization of the assay when using saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
424. Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency: neurological phenotype, clinical follow-up and novel mutations in TTPA gene in Italian families
425. Relationship between tissue lipid peroxidation and peroxidizability index after alpha-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, or docosahexaenoic acid intake in rats
426. Paradoxical actions of antioxidants in the oxidation of low density lipoprotein by peroxidases
427. Vitamin E and selenium supplementation reduces plasma cortisol and oxidative stress in dystocia-affected buffaloes
428. In vivo regulation of gene transcription by alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in murine T lymphocytes
429. Expressing dietary values for fat-soluble vitamins: changes in concepts and terminology
430. Non-pressure treatment of hypertrophic scars
431. The chemistry and antioxidant properties of tocopherols and tocotrienols
432. Vitamin E normalizes diacylglycerol-protein kinase C activation induced by hyperglycemia in rat vascular tissues
433. How phenol and alpha-tocopherol react with ambient ozone at gas/liquid interfaces
434. Friedreich's ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency: a neuropathological study of a Tunisian patient
435. Gamma tocopherol: metabolism, biological activity and significance in human vitamin E nutrition
436. Nitration of unsaturated fatty acids by nitric oxide-derived reactive nitrogen species peroxynitrite, nitrous acid, nitrogen dioxide, and nitronium ion
437. Isolated vitamin E deficiency in the absence of fat malabsorption--familial and sporadic cases: characterization and investigation of causes
438. Evidence for the nitration of gamma-tocopherol in vivo: 5-nitro-gamma-tocopherol is elevated in the plasma of subjects with coronary heart disease
439. Assessment of the safety of supplementation with different amounts of vitamin E in healthy older adults
440. Vitamin E, vitamin A, and zinc status are not related to serologic response to influenza vaccine in older adults: an observational prospective cohort study
441. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population
442. Effects of testosterone and vitamin E on the antioxidant system in rabbit testis
443. Differential effects of natural and synthetic vitamin E on gene transcription in murine T lymphocytes
444. Age-related increase in the fraction of CD27-CD4+ T cells and IL-4 production as a feature of CD4+ T cell differentiation in vivo
445. Vitamin E and vitamin C treatment improves fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
446. Alpha- and gamma-tocotrienols are metabolized to carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman derivatives and excreted in human urine
447. Antioxidants attenuate the plasma cytokine response to exercise in humans

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