Rosmarinic Acid: An Overview

1) Conditions Studied for Rosmarinic Acid

Rosmarinic acid has been studied for a variety of conditions, including but not limited to:

• Allergic conditions (e.g., hay fever and asthma)
• Inflammatory diseases (such as arthritis)
• Neurodegenerative disorders (like Alzheimer's disease)
• Antioxidant and antimicrobial applications
• Skin conditions (such as atopic dermatitis)

2) Efficacy in Treating Those Conditions

The effectiveness of rosmarinic acid in treating these conditions varies. Some studies suggest that rosmarinic acid may have:

• Anti-inflammatory and antihistamine effects, which can be beneficial for allergic conditions.
• Neuroprotective properties that might help in neurodegenerative diseases.
• Antioxidant capabilities that assist in protecting cells from oxidative stress.

However, more extensive clinical trials are needed to confirm these effects and to establish therapeutic dosages and protocols.

3) Health Benefits of Rosmarinic Acid

Rosmarinic acid has been linked to a range of potential health benefits, including:

• Reducing inflammation and allergic responses.
• Protecting against oxidative damage due to its antioxidant activity.
• Possessing antimicrobial properties that may protect against various pathogens.
• Enhancing cognitive function and potentially slowing the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.

4) Potential Downsides of Rosmarinic Acid

While rosmarinic acid is generally considered safe, particularly when consumed in amounts found in foods, there are a few potential downsides, such as:

• Possible interactions with medications, especially those that thin the blood or lower blood pressure.
• High doses might cause side effects such as stomach upset or kidney irritation.
• Limited data on the long-term use of high-dose supplements, which warrants caution.

5) Rosmarinic Acid and Genetic Variations

There is limited research on the interaction between rosmarinic acid and specific genetic variations. Some studies suggest that individuals with certain genetic profiles may experience more pronounced benefits or side effects, but:

• More research is needed to understand the genetic factors that may influence the effects of rosmarinic acid.
• It is important to consult with a healthcare provider before using supplements, particularly if there is a known genetic predisposition to certain health conditions.

Research Summary on Rosmarinic Acid

Interaction with Human Organic Anion Transporters

Rosmarinic acid (RMA) from the medicinal herb Danshen can inhibit human organic anion transporters hOAT1 and hOAT3, suggesting potential drug interactions if co-administered with substances that use these transporters.

Antioxidant Synergy in LDL Oxidation Prevention

Rosmarinic acid works synergistically with other natural antioxidants, significantly inhibiting the oxidation of LDL, a key factor in atherosclerosis.

Topical Delivery and Skin Cancer Prevention

A Phase 2a clinical trial tested topical perillyl alcohol (POH) cream on sun-damaged skin, showing some positive effects. The trial did not mention rosmarinic acid.

Asthma Management with Traditional Herbal Medication

Rosmarinic acid was not explicitly mentioned in the study on the herbal medication Saiboku-to's effects on steroid-dependent asthma.

Anti-inflammatory Properties in Verbascum xanthophoeniceum

Rosmarinic acid from Verbascum xanthophoeniceum showed less effectiveness in inhibiting the production of inflammatory chemokines compared to other compounds from the plant.

Skin Absorption and Bioavailability in Rats

Rosmarinic acid (RA) absorbs effectively through the skin in rats, especially in an alcoholic solution, and shows potential as a therapeutic anti-inflammatory agent when administered topically.

Phenolic Compounds in Thymus vulgaris

Rosmarinic acid was identified as a key radical scavenger in Thymus vulgaris (thyme), with varying degrees of effectiveness in different assays.

Protection Against Acute Liver Toxicity

The study suggests rosmarinic acid has potential as a therapeutic agent for treating acute liver toxicity due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antifibrotic effects.

Anti-proliferative Effects on Kidney Disease

Rosmarinic acid was identified as the primary agent behind the anti-proliferative effects of Perilla frutescens leaf decoction on cultured murine mesangial cells related to glomerulonephritis.

Anticarcinogenic Effects in a Mouse Model of Skin Cancer

Perilla frutescens extract, rich in rosmarinic acid, inhibited skin tumor formation and inflammatory responses in a mouse model of skin cancer.

Antioxidant Properties of Korean Perilla Seeds

Rosmarinic acid and its glucoside derivative were prominent antioxidants identified in Korean perilla (Perilla frutescens) seeds.

Rosmarinic Acid as an Oral Supplement for Allergic Rhinitis

Rosmarinic acid significantly reduced symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (SAR) and demonstrated an anti-inflammatory mechanism.

Treatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis

Perilla frutescens extract enriched with rosmarinic acid was effective in treating mild SAR, reducing symptoms and inflammation without reported adverse events.

Bioavailability and Metabolism of Rosmarinic Acid

Rosmarinic acid from Perilla extract is absorbed and metabolized in humans, forming various metabolites that are excreted in the urine.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Leaf Extracts

Methanolic leaf extracts of Andrographis paniculata and Orthosiphon stamineus with high rosmarinic acid content showed significant antibacterial and antioxidant activities.

Biological Activities and Production

Rosmarinic acid exhibits antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, and can be produced in higher concentrations through biotechnological plant cell cultures.

Holy Basil In Vitro Callus Cultures

In vitro callus cultures of holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) showed higher levels of rosmarinic acid and greater antioxidant activity than field-grown plants.

Phase 1 Clinical Trial of Perillyl Alcohol Cream

The trial tested the safety of perillyl alcohol (POH) cream for skin cancer prevention, but did not focus on rosmarinic acid.

Metabolism in Rats After Oral Administration

Rosmarinic acid was metabolized into various conjugated and methylated forms in rats, primarily excreted in urine.

Therapeutic Potentials of Rosemary

Rosemary, rich in rosmarinic acid, shows promise for treating or preventing various health conditions due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Hypoglycemic Effects of Garden Savory

While Satureja hortensis L. (garden savory) has hypoglycemic properties, the study does not mention rosmarinic acid specifically.

Absorption and Excretion of Rosmarinic Acid in Humans

Following consumption of Perilla frutescens extract, rosmarinic acid is absorbed, metabolized, and excreted in humans, with various metabolites detected.

Arachidonic Acid Metabolism Inhibition

Rosmarinic acid inhibits the production of inflammatory leukotriene B4 in human white blood cells, suggesting potential for treating allergic inflammation.

Effects of Saiboku-to on Asthmatic Guinea Pigs

The study on Saiboku-to's effects on asthmatic guinea pigs did not mention rosmarinic acid.

Anti-allergic Effects of Perilla frutescens

Rosmarinic acid was identified as a key compound responsible for the anti-allergic activity of a perilla decoction.

Anti-tumor-promoting Properties of Perilla Leaf Extract

Perilla leaf extract (PLE) was effective in preventing tumor development in a mouse skin cancer model, with rosmarinic acid being a significant component.

Metabolites from Perilla frutescens Extract

The study focused on the metabolites produced from Perilla frutescens extract in rats and humans, without a specific focus on rosmarinic acid.

Neuroprotective Effects of Rosmarinic Acid

Rosmarinic acid reduced ciguatoxin-induced neurotoxicity, suggesting its potential as a treatment for neurological issues caused by the toxin.

References:

1. Competitive inhibition of human organic anion transporters 1 (SLC22A6), 3 (SLC22A8) and 4 (SLC22A11) by major components of the medicinal herb Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen)
2. Lycopene synergistically inhibits LDL oxidation in combination with vitamin E, glabridin, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, or garlic
3. A phase 2a study of topical perillyl alcohol cream for chemoprevention of skin cancer
4. Effect of saiboku-to (TJ-96) on bronchial asthma. Induction of glucocorticoid receptor, beta-adrenaline receptor, IgE-Fc epsilon receptor expression and its effect on experimental immediate and late asthmatic reaction
5. Clerodendranoic acid, a new phenolic acid from Clerodendranthus spicatus
6. Verbascum xanthophoeniceum-derived phenylethanoid glycosides are potent inhibitors of inflammatory chemokines in dormant and interferon-gamma-stimulated human keratinocytes
7. A multicenter clinical trial of TJ-96 in patients with steroid-dependent bronchial asthma. A comparison of groups allocated by the envelope method
8. Percutaneous absorption of rosmarinic acid in the rat
9. Isolation and structure elucidation of radical scavengers from Thymus vulgaris leaves
10. Rosmarinic acid ameliorates acute liver damage and fibrogenesis in carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated mice
11. Inhibitory effect of decoction of Perilla frutescens on cultured murine mesangial cell proliferation and quantitative analysis of its active constituents
12. Rosmarinic acid inhibits epidermal inflammatory responses: anticarcinogenic effect of Perilla frutescens extract in the murine two-stage skin model
13. Identification, characterisation, and quantification of phenolic compounds in the antioxidant activity-containing fraction from the seeds of Korean perilla (Perilla frutescens) cultivars
14. Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effect of rosmarinic acid (RA); inhibition of seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (SAR) and its mechanism
15. Extract of Perilla frutescens enriched for rosmarinic acid, a polyphenolic phytochemical, inhibits seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in humans
16. Orally administered rosmarinic acid is present as the conjugated and/or methylated forms in plasma, and is degraded and metabolized to conjugated forms of caffeic acid, ferulic acid and m-coumaric acid
17. Phytochemical analysis of Andrographis paniculata and Orthosiphon stamineus leaf extracts for their antibacterial and antioxidant potential
18. Rosmarinic acid
19. Chemical composition and antioxidant property of holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) leaves, stems, and inflorescence and their in vitro callus cultures
20. Phase 1 study of topical perillyl alcohol cream for chemoprevention of skin cancer
21. Metabolism of rosmarinic acid in rats
22. Pharmacology of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) and its therapeutic potentials
23. [Saturin - effective vegetative remedy in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus]
24. Absorption, metabolism, degradation and urinary excretion of rosmarinic acid after intake of Perilla frutescens extract in humans
25. Studies on the activities of tannins and related compounds, X. Effects of caffeetannins and related compounds on arachidonate metabolism in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes
26. Effects of saiboku-to on dual-phase bronchoconstriction in asthmatic guinea pigs
27. Effect of oral treatment of Perilla frutescens and its constituents on type-I allergy in mice
28. Inhibitory effect of Perilla leaf extract and luteolin on mouse skin tumor promotion
29. Metabolites of orally administered Perilla frutescens extract in rats and humans
30. Neuroprotective effects of rosmarinic acid on ciguatoxin in primary human neurons

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