Resistant Starch - NutraPedia

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Resistant Starch: An Overview

1) Conditions Studied

Resistant starch has been studied for its potential effects on various health conditions, including:

Diabetes mellitus
Cardiovascular diseases
Colon cancer
Obesity
Gastrointestinal disorders
Metabolic syndrome

2) Efficacy in Treating Conditions

Research indicates that resistant starch may help in the management of these conditions, although further studies are required to confirm its efficacy. For example:

In diabetes, resistant starch has shown potential in improving insulin sensitivity and glycemic control.
It may also contribute to cardiovascular health by influencing lipid metabolism.

3) Health Benefits

Consuming resistant starch is associated with several health benefits:

Enhanced gut health due to its prebiotic properties, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria.
Improved bowel regularity and digestive function.
Potential weight management benefits through increased satiety and reduced appetite.
Possible reduction in the risk of colorectal cancer by promoting a healthy colonic environment.
Better blood glucose control and insulin sensitivity.

4) Downsides

While resistant starch is generally considered safe and beneficial, there are some potential downsides:

Excessive consumption may lead to gastrointestinal issues such as bloating, gas, or discomfort, particularly in individuals with sensitive digestive systems or IBS.
It may not be suitable for everyone, and it's essential to consume it in moderation.

5) Genetic Variations

Research into the interaction between resistant starch and specific genetic variations is ongoing. Some studies suggest that:

Individuals with certain genetic markers may experience different degrees of health benefits from resistant starch, particularly regarding glucose metabolism and satiety.
There is a potential for personalized nutrition advice based on genetic makeup, but more research is necessary to draw definitive conclusions.

Summary of Research on Resistant Starch

Impact on Blood Sugar Control

A meta-analysis of 19 randomized controlled trials showed that resistant starch (RS) significantly reduces fasting plasma glucose levels, especially at dosages above 28 grams per day or over 8 weeks of intervention. RS also decreases insulin resistance, as indicated by the HOMA-IR measurement, but does not significantly affect other insulin-related measures.

Effect on Appetite in Healthy Adults

Analysis of data from four studies suggests that RS intake is associated with a lower appetite, particularly at doses of 25 grams or more. RS type 2 (RS2) leads to a more significant decrease in appetite than RS type 1 (RS1).

Influence on Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

RS consumption decreases levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and increases total antioxidant capacity (TAC). No significant effects were observed on other markers such as CRP, SOD, and MDA. However, CRP levels were significantly reduced in participants from Eastern regions or those with diseases.

Effects on Blood Lipids and Inflammation in Metabolic Syndrome

RS supplementation results in reduced fasting plasma glucose, insulin levels, and hemoglobin A1c, along with lower total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels, indicating improvements in glycemic control and cardiovascular health. RS also decreases the inflammatory marker TNF-α, but has no significant effect on HOMA-IR, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, CRP, and IL-6 levels.

Beneficial Effects on Large Bowel Function

RS significantly increases fecal wet weight and butyrate concentration while decreasing fecal pH, indicative of positive effects on bowel health.

Modulating the Gut Microbiome

RS varies in its impact on the gut microbiome between individuals, suggesting the effectiveness of RS as a therapy may depend on the type used and the person's initial gut microbiome composition.

Impact on Fecal Butyrate Levels

A diet high in RS typically boosts fecal butyrate levels, which can contribute to colorectal health, though individual responses may vary.

Association with the Gut Microbiome and Metabolic Diseases

RS consumption is linked to changes in the gut microbiome that may improve blood glucose levels and insulin resistance, indicating a potential therapeutic approach for treating metabolic diseases.

Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes

RS supplementation decreases certain oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers, particularly in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Metabolic Parameters in Overweight/Obese Individuals

RS supplementation appears beneficial for improving fasting glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, and insulin sensitivity, particularly in overweight or obese diabetics.

Dietary Fibers and the Gut Microbiome

Specific dietary fiber structures, such as type-IV resistant starches (RS4s), can precisely modulate the gut microbiome and its functions.

Cardiometabolic Health and RS Type 2

Short-term RS type 2 (RS2) supplementation has limited benefits for cardiometabolic health, with significant reductions seen in serum triacylglycerol concentrations in healthy individuals and body weight in people with T2DM.

Fiber Supplementation and Appetite

While some studies show a reduction in appetite with certain types of fiber like viscous fibers, the evidence is varied and inconclusive.

Effects of Soluble Fiber on Blood Lipid Levels

Increase in soluble fiber intake is associated with significant reductions in LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and Apo-B, potentially reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Resistant Starch and Chronic Kidney Disease

Emerging data suggest that RS supplementation could beneficially modify gut bacteria and slow CKD progression by enhancing the growth of beneficial bacteria and increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids.

Association Between Retained Solutes and Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients

The study found that only indoxyl sulfate was linked to increased all-cause mortality in new hemodialysis patients, while other solutes like p-cresol sulfate, MMA, and DMA did not show such an association.

Resistant Starch Effects in CKD Patients

RS supplementation in dialysis patients significantly reduces serum indolephenol sulfate, blood phosphorus, IL-6, and uric acid levels, but does not affect other markers related to inflammation, kidney function, and lipid metabolism.

Resistant Starch and Colon Cancer Risk

While a high intake of dietary fiber is associated with reduced risk of colon cancer, the use of resistant starch does not show a significant difference in cancer risk among individuals with hereditary colorectal cancer.

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