Polygala Tenuifolia Research Summary

Memory Disorders and Dementia Treatment

Classical Chinese medical literature was analyzed to identify herbs used for treating dementia and memory disorders, with Polygala tenuifolia being one of the most commonly cited herbs for such conditions.

Molecular Mechanisms of TFSA from Polygala tenuifolia

Research on the effects of Tenuifoliside A (TFSA), an oligosaccharide ester from Polygala tenuifolia, shows its neuroprotective effects on rat glioma cells through the BDNF/TrkB-ERK/PI3K-CREB signaling pathway.

Cognitive Enhancement and Brain Protection

Tenuifoliside B, another compound from the roots of Polygala tenuifolia, protects against brain damage and improves memory impairment, suggesting its role in enhancing brain function and protection.

Chemical Components and Metabolites Analysis

Advanced analytical techniques characterized 50 compounds from Radix Polygalae (RP) and their metabolites in rats, enhancing the understanding of the chemical makeup and metabolism of Polygala tenuifolia in the body.

Neuroprotective Effects of DISS

3,6'-disinapoyl sucrose (DISS), a natural compound from Polygala tenuifolia, shows neuroprotective and antidepressant effects, possibly through activation of ERK1/2 and CaMKII pathways.

Antioxidant Properties of Extracts

Extracts from Polygala tenuifolia roots, specifically YZ-OE and DISS, exhibit potent antioxidant effects in vivo, increasing activities of antioxidant enzymes and reducing oxidative stress markers in mice.

Learning and Memory Improvement

Studies on compounds like tenuifolin from Radix Polygalae show improvements in learning and memory in mice, with alterations in neurotransmitter levels and enzyme activity related to memory and learning.

Antidepressant-Like Effects

Research into the antidepressant-like effects of Radix Polygalae extract shows rapid reduction in depression-associated behaviors in mice, with potential modulation of glutamatergic synapses.

Reduction of Amyloid-Beta Secretion

Tenuifolin, derived from tenuigenin, reduces amyloid-beta (Aβ) secretion in vitro, pointing to potential treatment implications for Alzheimer's disease.

Cocaine Addiction Behaviors

Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow extract (PTE) reduces hyperactivity and conditioned place preference induced by cocaine, suggesting a role in countering cocaine addiction behaviors.

Improvement of Learning and Memory Impairments

The compound Tenuigenin from Polygala tenuifolia improves learning and memory impairments in mice, offering a potential alternative treatment for cognitive dysfunction associated with menopause.

Anti-Alzheimer's Potential

Tenuigenin extracted from Polygala tenuifolia reduces the secretion of Aβ and C99, indicating its potential as an anti-Alzheimer's drug by inhibiting the BACE1 enzyme.

Protective Effects Against Cognitive Dysfunction

Senegenin, derived from Polygala tenuifolia root, shows neuroprotective effects against cognitive dysfunction induced by hepatic ischemia-reperfusion in rats.

Enhancing Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation

Polygalasaponin F (PGSF) induces long-term potentiation in the hippocampus of rats, suggesting potential mechanisms for influencing learning and memory processes.

Protective Effects on PC12 Cells

PS-F protects against rotenone-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells, indicating potential therapeutic properties for treating Parkinson's disease.

New Triterpenoid Saponin

A new triterpenoid saponin named tenuifoside A was isolated from the roots of Polygala tenuifolia, along with other known saponins.

Cognition-Enhancing Therapeutic Drug

Polygalasaponin XXXII (PGS32) from the roots of Polygala tenuifolia improves synaptic function and activates molecular pathways associated with memory and learning.

Phenylpropenoyl Sucroses

Compounds sibiricose A5, A6, and 3',6-disinapoyl sucrose from Polygala tenuifolia show antidepressant-like effects, indicating potential use in depression treatment.

Antidepressant-Like Activity of Yuanzhi-1

Yuanzhi-1 to Yuanzhi-6, derived from Polygala tenuifolia, show antidepressant-like activity in mice, with Yuanzhi-1 being particularly effective and displaying high affinity for multiple neurotransmitter transporters.

Dopamine Receptor Ligand

Tetrahydrocolumbamine from Polygala tenuifolia acts as a dopamine receptor ligand, inhibiting the binding of dopamine receptor ligands to rat striatum membranes.

Acylated Triterpene Glycosides

Two new acylated triterpene glycosides were identified from the methanol extract of Polygala tenuifolia roots.

PI3K/Akt Pathway Inhibition

Clionasterol and ethyl cholestan-22-enol from Polygala tenuifolia inhibit cell survival by targeting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Modulation of Cytoprotective Properties

Poligapolide from Polygala tenuifolia inhibits the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3β in the PI3K/Akt pathway, counteracting cytoprotective properties in HIV-1 Tat-transduced CHME5 cells.

Stress-Induced Memory Impairments

BT-11, an extract from Polygala tenuifolia, significantly reverses stress-induced memory deficits in rats.

Antioxidant and Anti-Apoptotic Properties

Polygalae radix extract (PRE) demonstrates antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties, protecting dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease models.

Anti-Cancer Activity of Polysaccharides

PTPa and PTPb polysaccharides from Polygala tenuifolia roots exhibit anti-cancer activity in vitro and in vivo, suggesting potential for preventing lung cancer.

Anti-Cancer Effects on Ovarian Cancer

PTP from Polygala tenuifolia inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells, with potential benefits for ovarian cancer therapy.

Memory-Enhancing Drug for Adults

BT-11 treatment in healthy adults enhances memory, suggesting potential development as a memory-enhancing drug.

Cognitive Functions in the Elderly

BT-11 improves certain cognitive functions, including memory, in the elderly, indicating potential applications as a nutraceutical for health benefits.

Anti-Amnesia Treatment

Hydrolysate of polygalasaponins (HPS) from Polygala tenuifolia shows potential as a treatment for amnesia due to its antioxidant effects.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Treatment

Kai Xin San (KXS), a traditional Chinese medicine formula containing Polygala tenuifolia, shows benefits in ameliorating chronic fatigue syndrome in mice.

HIV-1 Infection and Microglial Survival

Research indicates that the HIV-1 protein Tat protects microglial cells from apoptosis, potentially maintaining the virus within the central nervous system.

Pharmacokinetics of 3,6'-Disinapoylsucrose

A study on the pharmacokinetics of 3,6'-Disinapoylsucrose (DSS) from Polygala tenuifolia reveals its poor oral bioavailability.

Absorption Mechanisms and Enhancers

Research on 3,6'-disinapoylsucrose absorption mechanisms suggests that enhancers can increase its permeability and potentially oral bioavailability.

Intestinal Absorption Enhancement

The study shows how sodium caprate and decanoylcarnitine enhance absorption across intestinal cell layers through different pathways.

Paracellular Transport

Various absorption enhancers increase the paracellular transport of heparin disaccharide, potentially improving the intestinal absorption of macromolecules.

Impact on Central Cholinergic Neurons

Kami-untan-to (KUT), a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, increases the activity of an enzyme important for nerve function and promotes the secretion of nerve growth factor.

Neurotrophic-Like Agent

Kami-untan-to (KUT) acts as a neurotrophic-like agent, improving the function of the cholinergic nervous system, with potential use in treating conditions associated with cholinergic deficiency.

ChAT Activity and NGF Secretion

Polygalae radix, a component of KUT, boosts choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and nerve growth factor (NGF) secretion, supporting nerve function and health.

NYT and Production of NGF

Ninjin-yoei-to (NYT), a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, increases nerve growth factor (NGF) secretion from rat astrocytes, with onjisaponins from Polygala tenuifolia being particularly effective.

Memory Enhancement in Aged Mice

A crude extract from Polygala tenuifolia (EPT) significantly improves memory functions in aged mice and exhibits antioxidant properties.

Cognitive Impairments and Neuroprotective Effects

A Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow extract (BT-11) shows protective effects against neuronal death and cognitive impairments, suggesting benefits for Alzheimer's disease and neurodegenerative disorders.

Antipsychotic Properties

Polygalasaponins from Polygala tenuifolia exhibit antagonist activity on dopamine and serotonin receptors in vivo, supporting their potential as antipsychotic agents.

Neuroprotective Effect Against NMDA-Induced Neuronal Damage

Polygalae Radix (PR) extract protects rat cerebellar granule neurons from NMDA-induced damage, hinting at therapeutic applications for neurological conditions.

Rapid and Sustained Antidepressant Effects of Ketamine

Ketamine demonstrates rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant major depression, but further research is required to extend these benefits.

Therapeutic Applications and Abuse of Ketamine

Research on ketamine covers its therapeutic applications, such as rapid antidepressant effects, as well as reasons behind its recreational use and abuse.

Mucosal Adjuvant Activity of Onjisaponins

Onjisaponins from Polygala tenuifolia root show potential as safe and effective adjuvants for intranasal vaccines, improving immune responses.

Herbal Extracts Impact on Liver Fat Metabolism

Certain herbal extracts, including those from Polygala tenuifolia, could promote lipid synthesis and impair breakdown, potentially leading to fatty liver disease.

Anti-Tumor Activity of PTP on Ovarian Cancer

Polygala tenuifolia polysaccharide (PTP) exhibits anti-tumor activity on human ovarian cancer cells by suppressing Bmi-1 expression and telomerase activity.

Anti-Cancer Mechanisms of PTP

PTP from Polygala tenuifolia triggers programmed cell death in ovarian cancer cells through a mitochondrial-dependent mechanism.

Spermicidal Activity of PTW Root Extract

A crude extract from the root of Polygala tenuifolia shows spermicidal activity in vitro, disrupting sperm membrane integrity without affecting DNA integrity.

Neuroplasticity and Aging

Studies highlight the importance of neuroplasticity in aging and the potential for neural stem cells to repair age-related brain damage.

Neuroprotective Effects of Tenuigenin in Parkinson's Disease

Tenuigenin protects dopaminergic neurons from inflammatory damage in a Parkinson's disease model, indicating its therapeutic role in PD.

Allergy Caused by Polygala tenuifolia (Wonji)

A case reported allergy to Wonji, with tests confirming an allergic response to Polygala tenuifolia extract in a patient working at a herbal manufacturing factory.

References:

1. Chinese herbs for memory disorders: a review and systematic analysis of classical herbal literature
2. Effect of Tenuifoliside A isolated from Polygala tenuifolia on the ERK and PI3K pathways in C6 glioma cells
3. Cognitive improving and cerebral protective effects of acylated oligosaccharides in Polygala tenuifolia
4. Analysis and detection of the chemical constituents of Radix Polygalae and their metabolites in rats after oral administration by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry
5. Neuroprotective effects of 3,6'-disinapoyl sucrose through increased BDNF levels and CREB phosphorylation via the CaMKII and ERK1/2 pathway
6. Antioxidant activity of oligosaccharide ester extracted from Polygala tenuifolia roots in senescence-accelerated mice
7. Effects of tenuifolin extracted from radix polygalae on learning and memory: a behavioral and biochemical study on aged and amnesic mice
8. Preclinical evidence of rapid-onset antidepressant-like effect in Radix Polygalae extract
9. Tenuifolin, an extract derived from tenuigenin, inhibits amyloid-beta secretion in vitro
10. Attenuation of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference by Polygala tenuifolia root extract
11. Tenuigenin ameliorates learning and memory impairments induced by ovariectomy
12. Tenuigenin treatment decreases secretion of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid beta-protein in cultured cells
13. Senegenin attenuates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion induced cognitive dysfunction by increasing hippocampal NR2B expression in rats
14. Polygalasaponin F induces long-term potentiation in adult rat hippocampus via NMDA receptor activation
15. Polygalasaponin F against rotenone-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells via mitochondria protection pathway
16. A novel triterpenoid saponin from Polygala tenuifolia Willd
17. Polygalasaponin XXXII from Polygala tenuifolia root improves hippocampal-dependent learning and memory
18. Absorbable phenylpropenoyl sucroses from Polygala tenuifolia
19. The discovery of Yuanzhi-1, a triterpenoid saponin derived from the traditional Chinese medicine, has antidepressant-like activity
20. Isolation and identification of tetrahydrocolumbamine as a dopamine receptor ligand from Polygala tenuifolia Willd
21. New acylated triterpene glycosides from the roots of Polygala tenuifolia
22. Clionosterol and ethyl cholestan-22-enol isolated from the rhizome of Polygala tenuifolia inhibit phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway
23. Poligapolide, a PI3K/Akt inhibitor in immunodeficiency virus type 1 TAT-transduced CHME5 cells, isolated from the rhizome of Polygala tenuifolia
24. BT-11 improves stress-induced memory impairments through increment of glucose utilization and total neural cell adhesion molecule levels in rat brains
25. Polygalae radix inhibits toxin-induced neuronal death in the Parkinson's disease models
26. Purification and antitumor activity of two acidic polysaccharides from the roots of Polygala tenuifolia
27. Extraction, purification and antitumor activity of a water-soluble polysaccharide from the roots of Polygala tenuifolia
28. Effects of BT-11 on memory in healthy humans
29. BT-11 is effective for enhancing cognitive functions in the elderly humans
30. Cognitive-enhancing effects of polygalasaponin hydrolysate in aβ(25-35)-induced amnesic mice
31. Effects of a Chinese traditional formula Kai Xin San (KXS) on chronic fatigue syndrome mice induced by forced wheel running
32. Infection of human immunodeficiency virus and intracellular viral Tat protein exert a pro-survival effect in a human microglial cell line
33. An LC-MS/MS method for determination of 3,6'-disinapoylsucrose in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study
34. Intestinal transport of 3,6'-disinapoylsucrose, a major active component of Polygala tenuifolia, using Caco-2 cell monolayer and in situ rat intestinal perfusion models
35. Absorption-enhancing mechanism of sodium caprate and decanoylcarnitine in Caco-2 cells
36. Enhancement of paracellular transport of heparin disaccharide across Caco-2 cell monolayers
37. Kami-Untan-To enhances choline acetyltransferase and Nerve growth factor mRNA levels in brain cultured cells
38. Choline acetyltransferase activity enhancing effects of kami-untan-to (KUT) on basal forebrain cultured neurons and lesioned rats
39. Enhancements of choline acetyltransferase activity and nerve growth factor secretion by Polygalae radix-extract containing active ingredients in Kami-untan-to
40. Induction of NGF synthesis in astrocytes by onjisaponins of Polygala tenuifolia, constituents of kampo (Japanese herbal) medicine, Ninjin-yoei-to
41. Memory-Enhancing Effects of the Crude Extract of Polygala tenuifolia on Aged Mice
42. Novel cognitive improving and neuroprotective activities of Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow extract, BT-11
43. Behavioural pharmacology of polygalasaponins indicates potential antipsychotic efficacy
44. Polygalae radix extract protects cultured rat granule cells against damage induced by NMDA
45. Cellular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of ketamine: role of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors
46. Blockade of the metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptors enhances social memory via the AMPA receptor in rats
47. The mGluR7 allosteric agonist AMN082 produces antidepressant-like effects by modulating glutamatergic signaling
48. NMDA receptor blockade at rest triggers rapid behavioural antidepressant responses
49. mTOR-dependent synapse formation underlies the rapid antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonists
50. Possible mechanism of the antidepressant effect of 3,6'-disinapoyl sucrose from Polygala tenuifolia Willd
51. Tenuigenin promotes proliferation and differentiation of hippocampal neural stem cells
52. Stem cell review series: role of neurogenesis in age-related memory disorders
53. Neural stem cells as therapeutic agents for age-related brain repair
54. Tenuigenin protects cultured hippocampal neurons against methylglyoxal-induced neurotoxicity
55. Tenuigenin treatment improves behavioral Y-maze learning by enhancing synaptic plasticity in mice
56. Potential antidepressant properties of Radix Polygalae (Yuan Zhi)
57. Inhibitory constituents from the aerial parts of Polygala tenuifolia on LPS-induced NO production in BV2 microglia cells
58. Anti-inflammatory effects of Polygala tenuifolia root through inhibition of NF-κB activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 microglial cells
59. Effect of Polygala tenuifolia root extract on the tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion from mouse astrocytes
60. The inhibition of JNK MAPK and NF-κB signaling by tenuifoliside A isolated from Polygala tenuifolia in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages is associated with its anti-inflammatory effect
61. Chemical constituents of Polygala tenuifolia roots and their inhibitory activity on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in BV2 microglia
62. Anxiolytic and sedative-hypnotic activities of polygalasaponins from Polygala tenuifolia in mice
63. Chronic stress affects the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rat salivary glands
64. A bioactive compound from Polygala tenuifolia regulates efficiency of chronic stress on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
65. Antidepressant-like effects of 3,6'-disinapoyl sucrose on hippocampal neuronal plasticity and neurotrophic signal pathway in chronically mild stressed rats
66. Antidepressant effects of the extract YZ-50 from Polygala tenuifolia in chronic mild stress treated rats and its possible mechanisms
67. Rapid and longer-term antidepressant effects of repeated ketamine infusions in treatment-resistant major depression
68. The neurobehavioral pharmacology of ketamine: implications for drug abuse, addiction, and psychiatric disorders
69. Onjisaponins, from the root of Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow, as effective adjuvants for nasal influenza and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccines
70. Effects of Medicinal herb Extracts and their Components on Steatogenic Hepatotoxicity in Sk-hep1 Cells
71. Polygala tenuifolia polysaccharide (PTP) inhibits cell proliferation by repressing Bmi-1 expression and downregulating telomerase activity
72. Polygala tenuifolia polysaccharide PTP induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells via a mitochondrial pathway
73. Effects of the crude extract of Polygala tenuifolia Willd on human sperm in vitro
74. Molecular biology of Alzheimer's disease
75. Neuroprotective effects of tenuigenin in a SH-SY5Y cell model with 6-OHDA-induced injury
76. Tenuigenin protects dopaminergic neurons from inflammation-mediated damage induced by the lipopolysaccharide
77. Occupational asthma and rhinitis induced by a herbal medicine, Wonji (Polygala tenuifolia)

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