Bromelain Information

1) Conditions Studied for Bromelain

Bromelain has been studied for a variety of conditions, including:

• Inflammation and swelling
• Osteoarthritis
• Sinusitis
• Wound healing
• Muscle soreness
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Digestive issues

2) Efficacy in Treating Conditions

Research on bromelain's effectiveness for these conditions has been mixed, with some studies suggesting potential benefits and others indicating no significant effect:

• It may reduce inflammation, swelling, and pain for some injuries and surgeries.
• Some evidence supports its use for osteoarthritis pain reduction.
• It might help alleviate symptoms of sinusitis.
• There is limited evidence for its effectiveness in wound healing and muscle soreness.
• The benefits for cardiovascular diseases and digestive issues require further research.

3) Health Benefits of Bromelain

Bromelain is associated with several health benefits, including:

• Anti-inflammatory properties
• Pain relief
• Improved digestion and nutrient absorption
• Potential cardiovascular benefits
• Immune system modulation

4) Potential Downsides of Bromelain

Despite its benefits, bromelain may have some downsides, such as:

• Allergic reactions, particularly in those allergic to pineapple
• Gastrointestinal discomfort
• Potential interactions with medications, especially anticoagulants
• Possible excessive bleeding if taken in high doses

5) Bromelain's Effects on Genetic Variations

There is limited research on the relationship between bromelain and specific genetic variations. Some genetic factors may influence an individual's response to bromelain, but more research is needed to determine its benefits or harms related to genetic differences.

Overview of Bromelain

Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme complex derived from pineapples, noted for its therapeutic properties. It is known to aid in reducing swelling, inflammation, blood clots, and promoting the breakdown of fibrin. Bromelain's efficacy and safety have been recognized due to its oral effectiveness and minimal side effects.

Medical Benefits of Bromelain

• Prevents blood clots and eases symptoms of angina.
• Improves conditions like bronchitis and sinusitis.
• Facilitates recovery after surgery and injury.
• Enhances the effectiveness of antibiotics.
• Shows promise as a complementary therapy for cancer, modulating the immune system and inhibiting the growth and spread of cancer cells.
• Potential in promoting tissue removal in burns and accelerating wound healing.

Extraction and Analysis

Research has identified several proteolytically active components in crude bromelain extracts, with fraction F9 displaying higher specific activity and different pH optimum compared to others. Advanced analytical methods have revealed differences in molecular masses and amino acid sequences among these components.

Clinical Studies and Applications

• Bromelain has been shown to be absorbed intact in humans, suggesting its systemic availability after oral administration.
• It has promising applications in muscle tenderization in the food industry.
• Its ability to inhibit certain cysteine proteases has been explored through the cloning and expression of recombinant pineapple cystatin.
• Bromelain's enzymatic activity has been studied in various contexts, including enzyme inactivation models and absorption enhancement for other drugs.

Therapeutic Potential and Safety

Bromelain has been extensively researched for its antithrombotic and fibrinolytic effects, offering potential therapeutic benefits for cardiovascular health and as a treatment for various inflammatory conditions. Clinical trials have demonstrated its effectiveness in improving symptoms and recovery in certain medical conditions, while also highlighting its safety profile.

Conclusion

While bromelain has demonstrated significant potential in both medical and industrial applications, further clinical research is essential to confirm these benefits and fully understand its mechanisms of action. Its effectiveness after oral administration and minimal side effects make bromelain a promising therapeutic agent for future development.

References:

1. Pineapple cysteine endopeptidases
2. Bromelain: biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use
3. Isolation and partial characterization of basic proteinases from stem bromelain
4. Resonance assignments and secondary structure of a phytocystatin from Ananas comosus
5. Inactivation kinetics of enzyme pharmaceuticals in aqueous solution
6. Extraction of bromelain from pineapple peels
7. Intestinal absorption of undegraded proteins in men: presence of bromelain in plasma after oral intake
8. Bioavailability of 125I bromelain after oral administration to rats
9. Hexafluoroisopropanol-induced helix-sheet transition of stem bromelain: correlation to function
10. Bromelain treatment of human T cells removes CD44, CD45RA, E2/MIC2, CD6, CD7, CD8, and Leu 8/LAM1 surface molecules and markedly enhances CD2-mediated T cell activation
11. The role of enzyme supplementation in digestive disorders
12. Benefit of dietary integrators for treating functional dyspepsia: a prospective pilot study
13. Inhibitory effects of bromelain, a cysteine protease derived from pineapple stem (Ananas comosus), on intestinal motility in mice
14. Treatment with oral bromelain decreases colonic inflammation in the IL-10-deficient murine model of inflammatory bowel disease
15. Characterization of autologous erythrocyte rosette-forming cells in Minnesota miniature swine
16. Stem bromelain-induced macrophage apoptosis and activation curtail Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence
17. Bromelain treatment alters leukocyte expression of cell surface molecules involved in cellular adhesion and activation
18. Bromelain treatment decreases neutrophil migration to sites of inflammation
19. Bromelain, from pineapple stems, proteolytically blocks activation of extracellular regulated kinase-2 in T cells
20. Regulation of p53, nuclear factor kappaB and cyclooxygenase-2 expression by bromelain through targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in mouse skin
21. Bromelain inhibits COX-2 expression by blocking the activation of MAPK regulated NF-kappa B against skin tumor-initiation triggering mitochondrial death pathway
22. Determination of bradykinin-(1-5) in inflammatory exudate by a new ELISA as a reliable indicator of bradykinin generation
23. Increased migration of neutrophils to granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in rat carrageenin-induced pleurisy: roles of complement, bradykinin, and inducible cyclooxygenase-2
24. [Comparative epidemiological study in patients with rheumatic diseases illustrated in a example of a treatment with non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs versus an oral enzyme combination preparation]
25. [Bromelain in blunt injuries of the locomotor system. A study of observed applications in general practice]
26. Oral enzyme combination versus diclofenac in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee--a double-blind prospective randomized study
27. Effect of etodolac on prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis, active oxygen generation and bradykinin formation
28. Protease supplementation improves muscle function after eccentric exercise
29. The effects of protease supplementation on skeletal muscle function and DOMS following downhill running
30. Combined enzymatic and antioxidative treatment reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbit skeletal muscle
31. Modulation of autoimmunity to beta-cell antigens by proteases
32. Effect of combined oral proteases and flavonoid treatment in subjects at risk of Type 1 diabetes
33. Bromelain proteases reduce human platelet aggregation in vitro, adhesion to bovine endothelial cells and thrombus formation in rat vessels in vivo
34. Effect of bromelain (Ananase) on human platelet aggregation
35. Fibrinolytic and antithrombotic action of bromelain may eliminate thrombosis in heart patients
36. A review of the use of bromelain in cardiovascular diseases
37. Bromelain induces cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury through Akt/FOXO pathway in rat myocardium
38. Beneficial effect of proteases on allograft arteriosclerosis in a rat aortic model
39. Oral bromelains as adjuncts in the treatment of acute thrombophlebitis
40. Effect of oral bromelain on blood pressure and heart rate of hypertensive patients
41. Toll-like receptors and macrophage activation in atherosclerosis
42. Alpha 2-macroglobulin-mediated degradation of amyloid beta 1--42: a mechanism to enhance amyloid beta catabolism
43. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral hydrolytic enzymes in relapsing multiple sclerosis
44. Inhibition of adipogenesis and induction of apoptosis and lipolysis by stem bromelain in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
45. Adjunctive use of bromelains in sinusitis: a controlled study
46. A double-blind clinical evaluation of bromelains in the treatment of acute sinusitis
47. The use of bromelains in sinusitis: a double-blind clinical evaluation
48. Therapeutic use, efficiency and safety of the proteolytic pineapple enzyme Bromelain-POS in children with acute sinusitis in Germany
49. A plant protease for potentiation of and possible replacement of antibiotics
50. Improvement of the intestinal membrane permeability of low molecular weight heparin by complexation with stem bromelain
51. Improved paracellular uptake by the combination of different types of permeation enhancers
52. [Absorption of tetracycline in presence of bromelain after oral administration]
53. The effect of bromelain on the absorption of orally administered tetracycline
54. [Effect of phlogenzym in long-term treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis]
55. A double blind, randomised, parallel group study on the efficacy and safety of treating acute lateral ankle sprain with oral hydrolytic enzymes
56. Efficacy and safety of phlogenzym--a protease formulation, in sepsis in children
57. Naturopathic treatment of rotator cuff tendinitis among Canadian postal workers: a randomized controlled trial
58. Aroma profile and volatiles odor activity along gold cultivar pineapple flesh
59. BROMELAINS. THE PHARMACOLOGY OF THE ENZYMES

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